The Broadway Musical Hamilton By Lin Manuel Miranda

Oftentimes people have a difficult time connecting with history. They do not see the relevance between something hundreds of years ago and today’s issues. The Broadway musical Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda does a great job of bridging that gap. Many of the issues that were faced in the time period of Alexander Hamilton are also faced in the world today. An example of this is politicians riding the fence on important issues. A main character in the play is criticized greatly for doing this just as people are currently. In Miranda’s Hamilton, characters are faced with issues and are asked to take a stand just as political leaders are today. Hamilton had a rough childhood and did not have many opportunities where he came from. His family, friends, and neighbors decided that he needed to go to the mainland to get an education. It was then that he was able to make a name for himself and he began to climb the social and political ladders. If Hamilton would have stayed in his hometown he would not have been able to do anything that he accomplished in his life. The world we live in today is having to make similar decisions. With the Olympics going on currently, viewers are learning many new facts about athletes from around the world. Andre De Grasse, for example, is originally from Ontario Canada. He proved that he is one of the fastest men in the world when he won bronze in the 100-meter final. De Grasse has always been fast but did not have the opportunities to compete on aShow MoreRelatedHamilton Is A Musical Written By Lin Manuel Miranda1148 Words   |  5 PagesHamilton is a musical written by Lin Manuel Miranda that was debuted on January 20th, 2015. It was a great success winning alone 11 Tony awards (â€Å"Tony Awards 2016† 2016). From The Public Theater to Broadway, Hamilton has reached the eyes and ears of many leaving people thirsty for more of Hamilton. Hamilton the Musical is the owner of 46 tracks that lead the listener through the life of Alexander Hamilton; from childhood up until his unfortunate duel that results in his death. Hamilton the MusicalRead MoreThe Influence Of Sexuality In Music844 Words   |  4 Pagesdiversified us in every genre, and has become a consistent part of American life. Therefore, Americans spend a considerable portion of their leisure time listening to music or participating in activities that have music involved. A good portion of each musical genre uses sexuality as the basis for their lyrics.Sexuality can be categorized into different groups that can help us better understand the distinction between them. These groups pertaining to sexuality include; the historical meaning and relevancyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Hamilton 1052 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 4 Hamilton has created a revolution. Hamilton: An American Musical is a musical created by Lin-Manuel Miranda. The musical is based on a book written by Ron Chernow about Alexander Hamilton’s life. The story narrates the founding of the United States. The show is being called a revolution due to its language. Lin-Manuel Miranda is being called this generation’s Shakespeare. They both use modern language to reach their audience. In this case, the language is Rap and Hip Hop. Most broadways showRead MoreAnalysis Of The Musical Hamilton 1805 Words   |  8 PagesHamilton Essay The musical â€Å"Hamilton† is the most sought after musical in years. It is the first seen rap musical and it has received the most ‘Tony’ awards and nominations in Broadway history. Hamilton premiered off Broadway in 2015 and soon moved to Broadway to stun the world with it’s incredible everything, from plot to casting. For best albums, Hamilton was second ranked in Billboard magazine and has got endless supply of recognition for the ingenious play written by the phenomenal Lin ManualRead MoreHamilton : An American Musical1358 Words   |  6 PagesHamilton: An American Musical retells the story of Alexander Hamilton, the first United States Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. With the aid of hip-hop and rap, Lin-Manuel Miranda dramatises Hamilton’s struggles and contributions during the American Revolution and the formative years of the United States. It is praised for its breaking of Broadway conventio ns, compelling characters and their interactions, beautiful musicality, and the progression ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Hamilton1034 Words   |  5 Pagesplay â€Å"Hamilton† by Lin-Manuel Miranda brings the founding fathers back to life-with a lot of hip-hop. It all started when Miranda, a writer, composer, and performer, was asked to perform at the White House centered on â€Å"the American experience.† The White House expected him to perform something based on his own Latin- American experience, but Miranda had something else in mind. Few months’ prior, Miranda was on vacation with his girlfriend when he started to read a biography on Alexander Hamilton byRead MoreAlexander Hamilton, The Unknown Hero921 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton, The Unknown Hero An ordinary teenager or adult would address Alexander Hamilton as an arbitrary founding father on the ten dollar bill, for they do not acknowledge the great achievements that Hamilton completed throughout his short life. Alexander Hamilton changed America. To start with, Hamilton was an immigrant from the Caribbean. At the age of seventeen, a hurricane destroyed his town. Hamilton wrote his way out of the madness he was facing. He wrote his first essay, a testamentRead MoreMusical Theatre As A Theatrical Performance1913 Words   |  8 PagesMusical Theatre is a theatrical performance when the story is told through dialogue, song, and dance. Back then, people didn’t Snap Chat, Face Time or watch TV for entertainment; they would go to the Theatre for a night out, first date, etc. To give a more definitive description of how musicals evolved, affected, and influenced throughout history, a time line of major musicals that defined certain stages of Musical Theatre will probably he lp people understand what makes it so unique. Now a quickRead MoreNewspaper Research Paper1260 Words   |  6 Pagesplan to have a small wedding compared to those of the Prince’s parents, and to go on a honeymoon. HULEY In baby news, Lin Manuel Miranda, creator, writer, and star of the hit broadway Musical, Hamilton, as well as a songwriter for the 2016-hit movie Moana, is expecting baby number two with wife Vanessa Nadal. LIZ Their first child, Sebastian Miranda, was born in 2014 and as Lin is often tweeting, is stepping into the art world. His constant display of affection shows us that Sebastian and his new

The Silent Film Within Our Gates - 958 Words

In 1920, Oscar Micheaux directed the silent film Within Our Gates which conducts an in-depth examination of race relations and discrimination within the United States. One of the outcomes of the film is a blatant failure of justice resulting in the lynching of an African American couple, The Landrys. Seemingly, time has not altered the inherent absence of justice concerning the treatment of Black men and women in situations where criminal activity is suspected, legitimately or otherwise. Evidence is found with the killings of Eric Garner, Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, and many other Black victims who died at the hands of police who are tasked with upholding justice and fail to do so. However, what was the popular sentiment toward failure within the legal system between 1920 and 2015? While not representative of this entire time span, in 1962, Robert Mulligan’s film To Kill a Mockingbird focuses on race relations and an African American male wrongly accused of rape who is ultimate ly killed in a suspicious police shooting. Within Our Gates and To Kill a Mockingbird each offer a presentation of a gross miscarriage of justice that is obvious to the omniscient viewer, but the reaction the films garner from the audience varies from outrage to resignation due to the implementation (or lack thereof) of a visual stimuli, telling of the time period in which the films were produced. The theme of â€Å"a failure of justice† for African Americans living in the present-day United States datesShow MoreRelatedThe African American Perspective Throughout The Harlem Renaissance1383 Words   |  6 Pageswhite people seeing and understanding African American’s pride and history. Augusta Savage creates the sculpture Gamin as a symbol for all African Americans. Within Our Gates, starring Evelyn Preer and directed by Oscar Micheaux, gives insight into what went on in the rural south in the 1920s. How It Feels to Be Colored Me, Gamin and Within Our Gates, though different art forms, are similar in that they all demonstrate the same theme of the African American perspective. How It Feels to Be Colored Me byRead MoreA Reading Of Micheaux s Within Our Gates1418 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Baxter Ben Strassfeld Professor Daniel Herbert Screen Arts Cultures 352 14 October 2015 A Reading of Micheaux’s Within Our Gates (1920) In 1920, pioneering African American film director Oscar Micheaux released his second picture, Within Out Gates. The film is a silent drama that revolves around a young professional woman, Sylvia Landry, her quest to fund an opening rural school for black children, and her past experience of violent racism in the South. It is a work largely concernedRead MoreAnalysis Of Beyonce Knowles s The Black Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization striving to rebuild the Black liberation movement; that has become vague in past years. In 2012 after Trayvon Martin’s murderer, George Zimmerman, was dismissed for his crime. This movement emerged in response to the institutionalized racism within our society. Whether it s black on black crime, police brutality or any form of ferocity actions its moral spurious. The past few months there has been a growth in police brutality, resulting in the deaths of many, predominantly those of african descentRead MoreThe Representation of Race in Mass-Media2761 Words   |  12 Pagesromanticizing the idea of biological and psychological differences existing between various ethnic groups. To comprehend and analyze the phenomenon of this racial dilemma, one must have a complete understanding of how culture and identity work hand-in-hand within our society. By controlling most of the social institutions, such as mass communication, politics and corporations; the dominant culture methodically overpowers and exploits the ethnic minority groups, in order to establish its own cultural identityRead MoreWalt Disney : A World Without His Magic, Whimsy, And Optimism1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Disney family moved to Kansas City, Walt continued to flourish in his talent for drawing. Besides drawing, Walt had picked up a few skills with acting and performing. At school he began to entertain his friends by pretending to be his favorite silent screen hero, Charlie Chaplin. At his teacher s permission, Walt would tell his classmates sto ries, while making drawing on the chalkboard. Later on, without his father s permission, Walt would sneak out of the house at night, and perform comicalRead MoreEssay on Ten Commandments2661 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ten Commandments ENG225: Introduction to Film Instructor, Anna Morrison December 12, 2011 The Ten Commandments The movie the author would like to critique is probably one of the greatest movies of all time. The movie is The Ten Commandments, starring Charlton Heston, Yul Brenner, and Cecil B. DeMille. If the author were a real critic like Gene Siskel, and Roger Ebert, she would give this movie two thumbs up. The author will probably be giving her, interpretation of this movie all theRead MoreThe Requirements For Indian Cinema1752 Words   |  8 Pagesplace within the condition produced by each. The key argument of this thesis challenges the articulation of the Indian nation that is presented by Bollywood Cinema as the dominant form and holistic representation of India’s national identity. It asserts that the movies of recent times are awakening and make the viewers think, and not just sit back and enjoy. The history of film began in the 1890s, with the invention of the first motion-picture cameras and the establishment of the first film productionRead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 PagesChapter One Race Films as a Genre in American Cinema â€Å"Most people pronounced his last name ‘Mee-show,’ though some who knew him insist it was ‘Mi-shaw.’ The correct pronunciation of his name is only the beginning of the ambiguities and mysteries associated with Oscar Micheaux† Patrick Mulligan—Oscar Micheaux: The Great and Only: The Life of America s First Black Filmmaker From the very beginning of the early stages in American cinema, African Americans had a presence on the silver screen. TheRead MoreBecoming an Entrepreneur5446 Words   |  22 Pagesreason people start their own business is to pursue their own ideas. Some people are naturally alert, and when they recognize ideas for new products or services, they have the desire to see those ideas materialized. Corporate entrepreneurs who innovate within the context of an existing firm typically have a mechanism for their ideas to become known. Established firms, however, often resist innovation. When this happens, employees are left with good ideas that go unfulfilled. Because of their passion andRead MoreOrson Wells3937 Words   |  16 PagesOrson Welles: The Man, the Myth†¦ the Communist? â€Å"One of the most promising artists of our day,† â€Å" One of the most accomplished dramatic artists of the twentieth century, â€Å" and â€Å"A major creative force and ultimate auteur,† were all praises and titles from major media moguls, publications, and critics given to Orson Welles. Not too shabby for someone who hasn’t even turned thirty yet, eh? Right out of the gate Welles proved to be an innovative and artistic force that could hold its own, and even surpass

Esports free essay sample

Mrs. Mulligan English 10 Honors 20 March 2013 Competitive Gaming Competitive gaming, also known as e-sports, is becoming a worldwide phenomenon. With huge events and tournaments that are watched by millions of passionate fans, many people are beginning to question whether playing video games can be considered a real sport. Even though e-sports may not be as physically demanding as traditional sports like football and basketball, the structure, strong fan base and the requirements to seriously contend in the competitive gaming scene legitimize it as a â€Å"real† sport. It is important to gain an understanding of the complete picture of e-sports before classifying it as a real sport. Competitive gaming’s origins can be traced all the way back to the â€Å"golden age of gaming† in the 1980s, where players battled for the highest scores in games like â€Å"Pac-man† and â€Å"Donkey Kong† in local arcades around the world (â€Å"History of Competitive Gaming†). This is the earliest piece of evidence that displays how video games produced an environment where competitiveness and recreation went hand-in-hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Esports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In more recent years the popularity of video games has rapidly increased. For instance, a study in 2008 revealed that nearly 60 percent of the United States population played video games online; a statistic that continues to grow as technology and gaming become more and more accepted by society (Antonucci). With video games being played on a much larger scale due to bolstered availability, the competitive atmosphere that originated in the 80s evolved into what today is called e-sports. In modern times it has often been debated whether gaming is just another hobby, or if it can be considered as a viable sport and career path. E-sports have a massive and passionate fan base that spans the entire globe. For example, the Street Fighter and Counter Strike series are played by a plethora of people in â€Å"Japan, America, and Europe† (Totilo). League of Legends, which is a multiplayer online battle arena [MOBA] title made by Riot Games, is working to put e-Sports on the same level as traditional sports. Last October, Riot held the League of Legends Season 2 World Championships, a tournament that brought the world’s best teams together for a week of intense matches.$1 million went to the overall champion, while a total of $5 million was spread out over the course of Season 2. Apart from the unprecedented cash prizes, the League of Legends tournament was able to bring in over 8 million â€Å"unique viewers† online, viewership that is greater than the National Hockey League’s (Heaven and Robinson). In South Korea individual e-sports events for the popular real-time strategy game StarCr aft 2 bring in over 100,000 live attendants to go alongside huge numbers of online spectators (Robinson). On top of this, competitive gaming’s popularity is continuing to grow through 2013. David Ting, founder of Imagine Game Network’s professional gaming league, states that online traffic for the company’s tournaments is â€Å"doubling every six months†(qtd. in Heaven). Who would’ve thought that playing video games would turn into such a loved spectator sport? Apart from the large following of people, the competitive gaming scene shares many of the same structural characteristics as traditional sports like football and baseball, as is shown by the game League of Legends. Like conventional games, League of Legends features a regular season where prominent and upcoming teams verse each other to climb the standings in their divisions. When the regular season ends, the top teams from each division go into intense playoff series. The winners from the playoffs then compete in the World Championship tournaments mentioned earlier, in order to crown the world’s best team. League of Legends also includes an All-Star game where elite players from any team and region come together to put on a spectacular show for the fans. Just as the NFL provides fans with high quality productions like Monday Night Football, Riot Games has invested a large amount of money into hiring crews and broadcasters that can bring that type of experience to e-sports (Robinson). Through sponsorship deals and season winnings, pro gamers usually make upwards of $100,000 per year, constituting gaming as a worthy occupation (Heaven). Other games also have this type of structure, but League of Legends is the first to put itself on a widespread global scale. With this type of structure, the only real question for this debate is if competitive gaming requires enough physical activity to be considered a sport. Many people that are against the idea of competitive gaming as a sport argue that it doesn’t require enough physical activity. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines physical as â€Å"relating to the body† (â€Å"Physical†). Since competitive gaming requires a person to have amazing hand-eye coordination and great dexterity with a keyboard or controller, there is surely a physical component when it comes to gaming (Totilo). In between the major competitions, pro gaming teams are locked in intense practice sessions, play scrimmages against other teams, and watch plenty of film to develop new strategies for the battlefield (Robinson). Professional gamers have to be physically and mentally capable to perform under the stressful conditions of the major events. In classifying competitive gaming as a sport, one can also look at other activities that are already considered a â€Å"real† sport by the International Olympic Committee [IOC]. For instance, the IOC decided that Chess met its prerequisites, and was officially recognized as a sport in the 1990s (Totilo). Chess, which is only a mind game, goes to show how the more complex e-sports scene should be a sport. With a great structure, large fan base, and high skill requirements, competitive gaming is a sport in every way. The only thing holding the e-sports scene back is society’s outdated mindset of what constitutes a sport. Because people have become accustomed to the idea that a sport has to have a ball and the players have to be athletic, they have failed to appreciate the physical, mental and â€Å"technical excellence† displayed by pro gamers (Totilo). Big corporations like ESPN and the IOC have to wake up and start promoting competitive gaming as a real sport. Someday, pro gamers around the world will be held in the same respect as a LeBron James or Aaron Rodgers. Works Cited Antonucci, Mike.

The Manhattan Project Essays (3262 words) - Nuclear Chemistry

The Manhattan Project In the months following the bombing of Pearl Harbor the Manhattan Project--the name given to the atomic bomb program because its original offices were in Manhattan--grew very quickly. And although the Army had been involved since June of 1942, it was just beginning to realize that someone was going to have to be put in overall charge. The man chosen was Leslie Richard Groves, a 46-year-old colonel in the Army Corps of Engineers. While he was a competent engineer, Groves was no scientist. He did not understand the science behind building the atomic bomb, nor did he pretend to. He needed someone who would be able to supervise the scientific side of the project. After dismissing a number of candidates, Groves decided on who seemed like the most improbable of candidate of all--38-year-old J. Robert Oppenheimer. After he was officially given the job of laboratory director, Oppenheimer planned a campaign of "absolutely unscrupulous recruiting of anyone we can lay our hands on."1 He used his charismatic personality to recruit some of the greatest scientific talent in the world to join the project. He then helped Groves find a location for his bomb-making laboratory, tentatively called "Site Y." A number of southwestern sites were explored. On November 16, Oppenheimer, Groves, and representatives from the Army Corps of Engineers were looking at a site at Jemez Springs, New Mexico, a deep canyon about 40 mi. (64 km) northwest of Santa Fe. Oppenheimer did not care too much for the site, nor did Groves. His main objection was that there was no room for expansion. Oppenheimer then innocently remarked about going back to Albuquerque via the Los Alamos Ranch School. Groves liked Los Alamos at once, and began moving quickly. He called Washington that very evening and began to buy the land. The Ranch School was having financial trouble as a result of the war, and so it was more than happy to sell out. Within a week, the land, the building, and other possessions of the school--including 1,600 books and 60 horses--sold for $440,000. Los Alamos, or "the Hill," as it was commonly referred to, officially opened for business on April 15, 1943. All bombs, and especially those being developed at Los Alamos, release energy in the form of light and heat. A certain amount of energy, called the binding energy, is required to hold the nucleus of an atom together. This energy is relatively small for light elements and steadily increases for heavier elements as far as cobalt, iron, and nickel. After that, in still heavier elements, it begins to decrease to the point that the binding energy of an extremely heavy atom, such as uranium, is less than that of many, much lighter elements. A small portion of the mass of each particle is lost when it enters a nucleus so that a proton, for instance, actually weighs less inside the nucleus than outside. It must do this to fit in. To do this, it converts some of its mass into energy. The combined mass loss of all the particles of the nucleus equals the binding energy. There are two processes by which particles can be made to lose weight. One, called fission (the type of bombs dropped on Japan), happens when a heavy nucleus splits apart into two lighter nuclei. These newly formed nuclei have a higher binding energy than their heavier "parent" nucleus; therefore, they demand a further weight loss on the part of their particles. The other process, called fusion, occurs when two light nuclei fuse together to form a single heavier nucleus with a higher binding energy. In both cases the particles must lose mass and release energy. Certain types of atoms with many protons and neutrons in their nucleus are radioactive; they are unstable and may break apart spontaneously. Other types, upon absorbing neutrons, break apart. In this process, the entire nucleus falls apart into two pieces, releasing energy in the process, but only after the nucleus temporarily increases its' mass number by one. Two atoms, P-239 and U-235, undergo this type of division and release energy at the same time. U-235 emits two or three neutrons in the process, while P-239 emits many more. Either of these two atoms may be used in an atomic bomb. After absorbing a neutron, an atom of these elements emits several more neutrons, making a chain reaction possible. If the surrounding structure is properly designed, the result is an explosion. The amount of fissionable material needed to make an explosion is called the critical

Southern Voting Behavior Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Southern Voting Behavior Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Southern Voting Behavior Southern Voting behavior since the 1960?s Voters in many areas of the U.S. are apt to vote differently as a whole from election to election. The nation has also had a decreased turnout rate for the presidential and local elections. The South has typically not followed these patterns that the rest of has seemed to be following. The Southern whites of the U.S. have typically followed and voted for the more conservative candidate and party. Where as the Southern blacks have typically (when they have been able to vote) voted for the more liberal party or candidate. The South was at one time a Democratic stronghold and has in the past 30 years become a typically conservative voting electorate. This tendency of voting by race for the liberal or conservative candidate has been a continuing occurrence. Southern turn out for elections has been significantly lower than the rest of the nation as well over the same time period. This bias of the past 30 years as well as voter turn out has only recently began to change in the So! uth. In the beginning of and prior to the 1960?s the South was a Democratic stronghold and it was rare for there to be any competition from Republicans in these non competitive states (Mulcahy p.56). A poll taken in the 1960?s showed that " the southern states were the obvious stronghold of Democratic identification. The extreme case was Louisiana, where 66% identified with the Democratic party"(Black p.44). This all began to change as the Democratic party became more liberal in its national policy views. The Democrats became too liberal in their policies concerning civil rights for the white Southerners to continue voting for them. (Mulcahy p.40). This reason along with others is what drove the Southern whites to change there voting habits of the last 100 years. The white Southerners began to vote for presidents of the Republican party and for Independents such as the Dixiecrats, because they were more conservative on a national scale. The Largest change of the Southern voters o! ccurred in 1960 when "the southern white Protestant presidential vote went Republican"(Wayne p62). This would of allowed for the democrats to lose the south if the black electorate had not voted Democrat. The black Southern voters at the time of the 1960?s were just again able to participate with their rights to vote. This was because shortly after the Civil War and reconstruction the Southern whites reduced and eventually removed the short lived black political power. They added laws that made it mandatory to take tests for voter eligibility, as well as discouraging black voting at all. This discrimination greatly reduced if not completely halted black voting in the south until the 1950?s and 1960?s. It was not until 1965 that the Voting Rights Act was passed that prohibited literacy tests for federal elections did blacks obtain their constitutional right to vote (Wayne p.70). Many blacks did in fact support the Republican party for quite a long time because they were known as the party of reconstruction and freeing of the slaves. Black voting turned towards the Democrats in the 1930?s and 40?s on the advice of "One N.A.A.C.P. leader? Turn your pictures of Lincoln to the wa! ll, the debt is paid in full"(Mulcahy p 37). This black voting for the Democrats created a problem in of its self, that the Blacks were continuing to vote for the local white conservative Democrats, that upheld the traditional Southern white views. This lead to the continued power of the oppressive whites, even though the party platform was one of reform. It was not until the early 70?s that when the Republicans won the election for the governor of Virginia was the two party system fully revived in the south (U.S. news p. 210). This two party system allowed Democrats to run on a more liberal platform, which gave the blacks the representation that they wanted. Voting in the South since the 1960?s has followed the pattern of voting for the most staunch conservative, or protector of Southern whites views. In the 1968 election Southern whites in the Deep South voted for George C. Wallace, while the rest of the

Anne Boleyn Biography, Facts, and Background

Anne Boleyn Biography, Facts, and Background Anne Boleyn Facts Known for: her marriage to King Henry VIII of England led to the separation of the English church from Rome. She was the mother of Queen Elizabeth I. Anne Boleyn was beheaded for treason in 1536.Occupation: queen consort of Henry VIIIDates: probably about 1504 (sources give dates between 1499 and 1509) - May 19, 1536Also known as: Anne Bullen, Anna de Boullan (her own signature when she wrote from the Netherlands), Anna Bolina (Latin), Marquis of Pembroke, Queen Anne Also see: Anne Boleyn Pictures Biography Annes birthplace and even year of birth are not certain. Her father was a diplomat working for Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. She was educated at the court of the Archduchess Margaret of Austria in the Netherlands in 1513-1514, and then at the court of France, where she was sent for the wedding of Mary Tudor to Louis XII, and remained as a maid-of-honor to Mary and, after Mary was widowed and returned to England, to Queen Claude. Anne Boleyns older sister, Mary Boleyn, was also at the court of France until she was recalled in 1519 to marry a nobleman, William Carey, in 1520. Mary Boleyn then became a mistress of the Tudor king, Henry VIII. Anne Boleyn returned to England in 1522 for her arranged marriage to a Butler cousin, which would have ended a dispute over the Earldom of Ormond. But the marriage was never fully settled. Anne Boleyn was courted by an Earls son, Henry Percy. The two may have secretly been betrothed, but his father was against the marriage. Cardinal Wolsey may have been involved in breaking up the marriage, beginning Annes animosity towards him. Anne was briefly sent home to her familys estate. When she returned to court, to serve the Queen, Catherine of Aragon, she may have become embroiled in another romance this time with Sir Thomas Wyatt, whose family lived near Annes familys castle. In 1526, King Henry VIII turned his attentions to Anne Boleyn. For reasons which historians argue about, Anne resisted his pursuit and refused to become his mistress as her sister had. Henrys first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had only one living child, and that a daughter, Mary. Henry wanted male heirs. Henry himself had been a second son his older brother, Arthur, had died after marrying Catherine of Aragon and before he could become king so Henry knew the risks of male heirs dying. Henry knew that the last time a woman (Matilda) was the heir to the throne, England was embroiled in civil war. And the Wars of the Roses had been recent enough in history that Henry knew the risks of different branches of the family fighting for control of the country. When Henry married Catherine of Aragon, Catherine had testified that her marriage to Arthur, Henrys brother, was never consummated, as they had been young. In the Bible, in Leviticus, a passage forbids a man from marrying his brothers widow, and, on Catherines testimony, Pope Julius II had issued a dispensation for them to marry. Now, with a new Pope, Henry began to consider whether this offered a reason that his marriage to Catherine was not valid. Henry actively pursued a romantic and sexual relationship with Anne, who apparently held off from agreeing to his sexual advances for some years, telling him that he would have to divorce Catherine first and promise to marry her. In 1528, Henry first sent an appeal with his secretary to Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. However, Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the pope was being held prisoner by the emperor. Henry did not get the answer that he wanted, and so he asked Cardinal Wolsey to act on his behalf. Wolsey called an ecclesiastical court to consider the request, but the Popes reaction was to forbid Henry from marrying until Rome decided the matter. Henry, dissatisfied with Wolseys performance, and Wolsey was dismissed in 1529 from his position as chancellor, dying the next year. Henry replaced him with a lawyer, Sir Thomas More, rather than a priest. In 1530, Henry sent Catherine to live in relative isolation and began to treat Anne at court almost as though she were already Queen. Anne, who had taken an active role in getting Wolsey dismissed, became more active in public matters, including those connected with the church. A Boleyn family partisan, Thomas Cranmer, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532. That same year, Thomas Cromwell won for Henry a parliamentary action declaring that the kings authority extended over the church in England. Still unable to legally marry Anne without provoking the Pope, Henry appointed her Marquis of Pembroke, a title and rank not at all usual practice. When Henry won a commitment of support for his marriage from Francis I, the French king, he and Anne Boleyn were secretly married. Whether she was pregnant before or after the ceremony is not certain, but she was definitely pregnant before the second wedding ceremony on January 25, 1533. The new Archbishop of Canterbury, Cranmer, convened a special court and declared Henrys marriage to Catherine null, and then on May 28, 1533, declared Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn to be valid. Anne Boleyn was formally given the title Queen and crowned on June 1, 1533. On September 7, Anne Boleyn delivered a girl who was named Elizabeth both her grandmothers were named Elizabeth, but its commonly agreed that the princess was named for Henrys mother, Elizabeth of York. Parliament backed Henry by forbidding any appeals to Rome of the Kings Great Matter. In March of 1534, Pope Clement responded to the actions in England by excommunicating both the king and the archbishop and declaring Henrys marriage to Catherine legal. Henry responded with a loyalty oath required of all his subjects. In late 1534, Parliament took the additional step of declaring the king of England the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England. Anne Boleyn meanwhile had a miscarriage or stillbirth in 1534. She lived in extravagant luxury, which didnt help public opinion still largely with Catherine nor did her habit of being outspoken, even contradicting and arguing with her husband in public. Soon after Catherine died, in January 1536, Anne reacted to a fall by Henry in a tournament by miscarrying again, at about four months into a pregnancy. Henry began speaking of being bewitched, and Anne found her position endangered. Henrys eye had fallen on Jane Seymour, a lady-in-waiting at court, and he began to pursue  her. Annes musician, Mark Smeaton, was arrested in April and was probably tortured before he confessed to adultery with the Queen. A nobleman, Henry Norris, and a groom, William Brereton, were also arrested and charged with adultery with Anne Boleyn. Finally, Annes own brother, George Boleyn, was also arrested on charges of incest with his sister in November and December of 1535. Anne Boleyn was arrested on May 2, 1536. Four men were tried for adultery on May 12, with only Mark Smeaton pleading guilty. On May 15, Anne and her brother were put on trial. Anne was charged with adultery, incest, and high treason. Many historians believe that the charges were created, likely with or by Cromwell, so that Henry could get rid of Anne, marry again, and have male heirs. The men were executed on May 17 and Anne was beheaded by a French swordsman on May 19, 1536. Anne Boleyn was buried in an unmarked grave; in 1876 her body was exhumed and identified and a marker added. Just before she was executed, Cranmer pronounced that the marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn was itself invalid. Henry married Jane Seymour on May 30, 1536. The daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII became Queen of England as Elizabeth I on November 17, 1558, after the deaths of, first, her brother, Edward VI, and then her older sister, Mary I. Elizabeth I reigned until 1603. Background, Family: Father: Sir Thomas Boleyn (made Viscount Rochford by Henry VIII)Mother: Lady Elizabeth HowardSiblings: Mary Boleyn, George BoleynPaternal grandparents:Sir William Boleyn, son of Sir Geoffrey Boleyn (Lord Mayor of London) and Ann HooMargaret Butler, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, and Anne HankfordMaternal grandparents:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and Catherine MoleynsElizabeth Tilney, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney and Elizabeth CheneyCatherine Howard was a first cousin: Lady Elizabeth Howard was sister to Catherine Howards father, Lord Edmund Howard Education: privately educated at her fathers direction Marriage, Children: Husband: Henry VIII, king of EnglandChildren:Princess Elizabeth, later Elizabeth I of EnglandTwo stillborn sons, perhaps one other Religion: Roman Catholic, with humanist and Protestant leanings Bibliography: Marie Louise Bruce. Anne Boleyn: A Biography. 1972.Anne Crawford, editor. Letters of the Queens of England 1100-1547. 1997.Carolly Erickson. Mistress Anne. 1984.Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.Eric W. Ives. Anne Boleyn. 1986.Norah Lofts. Anne Boleyn. 1979.Alison Weir. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.

Women Are Confident In Their Decision To Be Single Research Paper

Women Are Confident In Their Decision To Be Single - Research Paper Example By 2009, women were â€Å"on the verge of outnumbering men in the workforce for the first time, a historic reversal caused by long term changes of women’s roles and massive job losses for men during this recession...At the current pace, women will become the majority of workers during October or November† (Cauchon, 2009). Labour economist Heidi Hartman, President for Women’s Institute of Policy Research, says, â€Å"It was a long historical slog to get to this point† (ibid.). Consequently, it has become evident that not only are women now able to support themselves but in quite a few families they have become either the main—or the sole—breadwinner. The majority of them are certainly not going to come home and give their husbands their earnings, nor are they going to keep on accepting the husband’s adultery because they have no choice. Women with a half decent education and a good steady job had slowly begun to realize since the mid-19 90s that they did, in fact, have choices. According to Petula Dvorak (2010), â€Å"It continues to be a man’s world, only a little more comfy these days... women in America are just about to make up the majority of the workforce, are dominating universities and, in ever-increasing numbers are the better-educated and handsomely paid half in American marriages† (ibid.). Women now know without a doubt that they do not need husbands to support them. They can, obviously, make financial decisions and they do expect, much to the chagrin of many men, their significant other to do more work around the house.

Law and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Law and management - Assignment Example ess in which the courts interpret and apply legislation in the courts is known as the statutory interpretation.The court looks on the meaning of the statute and looks at how it is implemented by the process. The statute, which is regarded as a bill, or law, which is passed by the legislature, subjects the people on the rules and obligations. However, apart from statutes making law, statutory interpretation involves making a decision on how a particular bill or law will apply in a particular case. A clear interpretation is sometimes very important especially when a case involves a statute and sometimes the words of a statute have a plain straightforward meaning. However, in other times, there is ambiguity or sometimes vagueness in the normal words of the statute, which must be resolved by the judge.The judiciary gives out an interpretation on how the legislation should be applied in a certain case since there is no unambiguous legislation that addresses all matters. There are several reasons as to why words being imperfect symbols in the communicating intent, they are ambiguous,and the meaning changes with time, and lastly the unforeseen incidences are unavoidable and the new technology and anew culture apply the existing law to be challenging. Addition of uncertainties may also take place in the course of enactment; for example, need to cater for special interest group or compromise.Judges have the responsibilities of giving out the meanings of the statutes. They use several measures and methods of statutory interpretation such as theuse of traditional canons of statutory interpretation, legislative history and additionally the purpose. It is known that,in common law jurisdictions, rules of statutory interpretation may be applied to the enacted legislation or additionally to the legislation that is delegated such as administrative agency regulations. The judiciary majorly takes such actions; therefore,there is a responsibility that the court needto do, it must try

Gap in Gender Pay Essay Example for Free

Gap in Gender Pay Essay INTRODUCTION: Although women are steadily making their mark in the business world and heading major corporations, the question remains, are they still earning less than their male counterparts? Throughout time there has been a definite difference between men and women and their median income. This wage gap cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. However, in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was signed making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. There may be many reasons for this gap in salaries; most of them may not be necessarily based on gender. The following research will investigate what causes the gap in earnings, if any, and examines various factors that may have an effect on the earnings of men and women. I. RESEARCH PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not women who are working the same types of jobs, with the same amount of education and experience are being compensated the same as men. Although women have made a significant pace in entering the workforce and in exploring a wider range of occupations, they may still be treading behind in wages earned compared to their male counterparts. Many years ago, it was thought that because women were not as well educated as men, did not have as much experience as men, and did not work as hard as men that the range of pay should not be the same. This is no longer true and women have been graduating from college at the same rate as men and are working just as hard as men. However, the wage gap between men and women remains and nationally, women earn 77 cents for every $1 earned by men (Head, 2008). Thus, despite a sense of continued progress toward gender equality in the workplace the gap between men and women still persists. The significance of this research issue may reveal an underlying discrimination between the sexes that many may believe has narrowed. The importance in equality of gender pay is not only that it is the right thing to do, but an equitable and competitive pay package improves employee recruitment and retention.  This concept benefits both the employer and the employee, male or female. Nonetheless, as long as this gap remains the more likely this issue will provide a main source of debate among the organizational workforce. II. PROBLEM DEFINITION: The study, by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, found that 10 years after college, women earn only 69% of what men earn. (USA Today, 2007) Defining the problem starts with an examination of the evidence to determine how big the gap truly is and whether discrimination is to blame. Essential variables that may have an impact on male-female wage differential such as ethnic background, age, and industry will be measured. Our team will research and find out how big the gap is what could be the cause, factors such as: a). Hours of work- some tend to think that men are more likely to work longer hours. b). Education levels-some tend to think that men on average is higher qualified and women invest less in their education. c). Workforce participation and experience-industries tend to think that women spend less time at work because of their domestic responsibilities to their children and family. The majority of organizations assume that young women are going to leave the workforce when they have children, and therefore will not promote them. d). Why is there such a gap between the amount on a mans paycheck compared to a womans? e). Occupation type- some think women are looking for an easy way out and they tend to seek out and cluster around a few occupations and industries because of the tastes of employers, male employees and customers. f). Are women given the same opportunities for advancement as men? Our team will investigate what percentage of these factors contributes to the difference in pay between these two genders and seek to find out if discrimination plays a part in this pay gap and will the gap disappear through educational achievements. Why do woman not have equal job opportunities? Jobs held by women pay less than jobs held by men, even though the job requires the same education and skills. A newly hired woman will get a lower paying assignment than a man who started working there the same time for the same employer. Not only that also, women do not receive the equal chances in promotions like men. Equal pay has been an issue for all working women for the past few decades. III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS While some studies may reflect a sense of continued progress towards gender equality in the workplace, the federal government currently confirms that the workplace earnings gap amongst men and women is still prevalent today (About Management.Com). It is the educated guess of this team that men are paid at a substantially increased rate for performance in positions than women are paid to operate in those same positions. This hypothesis is deducted from observations made from current work situations, random peer discussions, and updated articles. More than forty years after the Federal Equal Pay Act, hard working women are still being paid less than men are on the job. There are numerous speculations that can be made in an attempt to explain this is behavior, such as career selections being made by men and women. Women tend to make decisions about employment based on convenience, meaning that women migrate to positions that will allow for them to maintain a active home life and still maintain a 40 hour work week, whereas men will more than likely trade an active home life for longer work hours, safety risks, frequent travel, longer work hours and extended commuting times to make the higher pay. While these practices may not be fair, they are a reality. The research provided in this paper will lead to three possible outcomes; it will either prove that men are paid at higher rates than women to operate in the same or similar positions, women are paid at higher rates than men to operate in the same or similar position, or men and women break even when it comes to wages and position. References Head, Lauren Lawley. (2008, April 23). Pay Gap Worth Steaming Over: Bizwomen.com. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/index.php/2008/04/23/pay-gap-worth-steaming-over/ Coutts, Justin. (2004, February). Policy Backgrounder, Business Roundtable. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/policy/policy-2004/PB_No1.pdf Arndt, Bettina. (2006,October 16). Herald Sun.com. Why Men are paid More. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20586168-5000117,00.html

Racism :: English Literature

Racism Racism, the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. All across the world racial discrimination has been a serious problem. In Africa 80% of the population is black and the 20% that are white have all the power, is it not true that all men are created equal? Three stories: Afrika Road, The Prisoner who Wore Glasses, and Why don't you Carve Other Animals, tell about Africa and how racial discrimination is a big problem. A more dramatic story is the movie "The Power of One" about an English boy growing up in Africa and his struggles. In these short stories and in the movie racial conflicts are evident in the form of white against white, white against black, and black against black. Not all white people believed that they were superior to the blacks, this concept made the racist whites turn against other whites. In the movie, PK, the main character, suffers ordeals which no one should ever have to go through simply because he is English. At his boarding school the other kids do not like his presence and they make sure he knows it. Another white kid spits in PK's face and even takes it as far as peeing on him in the bathroom. Sadly enough those weren't even the more serious of the acts of hate shown in the movie. PK gets hung up by his feet and stoned with a slingshot, all this because he is English. In The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses, the only real instance of white against white was when the guard took the prisoners side. Even though he was forced too, the guard took the prisoners side and treated them as equals, going completely against what the other guards believed was right. Other than that there weren't many instances of white against white discrimination in the stories, they were mainly about the conflicts between blacks and whites. Racial conflict between blacks and whites is definitely expressed more in the short stories than in the movie. In Afrika Road, it is said how even though 80% of the population is black, the white people still have the power. This idea is also expressed metaphorically in Why Don't You Carve Other Animals? When it says " The elephant has ruled the forest for a long time, he is older than the forest, but the giraffe extends his neck and struts above the trees, as though the forest belonged to him. He eats the topmost leaves, while the elephant spends the day rolling the mud. Do you not find it interesting?

Prelude to American Revolution

Creating the New Nation The social, political, and economic consequences of the Revolutionary War and the early American Republic have served as a blueprint for global freedom enabling subsequent generations and the nations to secure the blessings of liberty. With the culmination of the French and Indian War, British and American ethos clashed causing the American colonists to create a new nation founded on the principles of self-government and human liberty. The following paragraphs will detail a succinct history of the events that shaped this watershed historical and political movement. The year is 1754.After years of feeling envious of the Spanish spreading culture around the globe, the British decided to follow in their footsteps, hoping for the same successful results. They set their sights on the New World that promises, â€Å"Land as far as the eye can see† and religious freedom. So they set sail to travel to the Promised Land, only to soon find themselves in a major co nflict. It’s not before long that the British are in battle with the current French habitants. Both sides try to receive as much help as possible, by befriending local Native American tribes. This war is now famously known as The French and Indian War.This brutal, exhausting war lasts seven years. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris is signed to finally end the warfare. Taking note of this, the British Parliament issues the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade any British colonists to settle past the Appalachian Mountains. The tired, beaten-up, colonists were outraged. Some refused to comply and moved out west anyways. This is significant because this is the first sign of rebellious acts that the colonists made leading up to the American Revolution. The damage from the French and Indian War was far more devastating than people realized.Britain was severely in debt and stripped of resources. As a result, a few taxes were placed on the colonies. The most important being The Stamp Act o f 1765. The idea was for the British to place a tax on all documents produced in the British colonies. This was the main form of communication, so having to pay even more for something they used very often frustrated the colonists to an even greater extent. Many colonists thought it was against their rights to be taxed without their consent. The phrase, â€Å"taxation without representation† became more and more popular within the general public.Some colonists even formed rebellious groups and protested the British Parliament’s taxes. On March 5, 1770, a group of protesters were on King Street in Boston, Massachusetts. They began verbally abusing and harassing eight soldiers stationed in front of a building. Without order, the soldiers fired into the crowd, instantly killing three people and wounding others. This major event is known as the Boston Massacre. After several similar events, significant figures such as Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and many others, signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776.This document stated that America is declaring its independence against the British Government. The thirteen colonies considered themselves â€Å"independent†, not knowing the major actions that Britain was going to commence. The American Revolution had officially begun. A disgruntled colonist named Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet criticizing not only the British, but the colonists also. He thought that no one was actually taking actions in preparations for the war against Britain. He constantly used biblical references to try and influence people to take action.This pamphlet, titled â€Å"Common Sense† is famously known as being the most popular pamphlet in the revolutionary era. In the midst of the Revolutionary War, the young country of America thought they needed some type of constitution; therefore, The Articles of Confederation were established. The A of C loosely linked the 13 states mainly to d eal with foreign affairs. It didn’t create an executive branch. Each state had a single vote and 9 of the 13 states had to vote for a bill before it passed. The main problem with this was that Rhode Island had the same amount of power as Virginia, which had three times Rhode Island’s population.Also, The A of C did not provide the government power to tax, raise an army or navy, and regulate commerce for national interests. States, however, could enforce taxes. Frustration continued throughout the American states for years. A farmer named Daniel Shay, led a small army and tried to revolt against the government. Shay’s Rebellion was stopped, but exposed several major problems. First, there was not standing army to stop a rebellion. Second, many people, including Thomas Jefferson, agreed with Shay. Jefferson stated, â€Å"The tree of liberty has to be watered with the blood of patriots and tyrants from time to time.It is as natural as manure. † And thirdly, the A of C were not working AT ALL. In 1787, a quorum of 55 emissaries from 12 states gathered in Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson called this a â€Å"Convention of Demigods†, but it was formally known as the Constitutional Convention. They issued many major compromises. One being the CT Plan/Great compromise. This set a standard to how many representatives in each state could be in Senate (equal) and the House of Representatives (based on population). Another compromise they established was the 3/5 compromise.This stated that slaves were to be counted as 3/5 of person. This greatly impacted when bills or policies were in the voting stages. Lastly, The Electoral College was created. The idea of this was to be used for future presidential elections. They were to use the number of congressional electors from each state to determine the president based on the state’s power. For example, California would have more Electoral College votes than Oklahoma because it has a higher population. Realizing that the A of C has led to be a string of failures, George Washington appointed James Madison to construct the U.S. Constitution. Many Anti-Federalists sharply criticized the Constitution because it did not recognize many civil rights. The first 10 amendments of the Constitution, commonly known as the Bill of Rights, is a necessity to the most precious of our rights. It prohibits too much intrusion by the government. In other words, it greatly limits the government’s power. As the country became more and more in debt, Alexander Hamilton argued that Assumption was the right way to go because the debts were caused by the shared goal of Independence.In addition, it put the states under more power by the federal government. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met with Alexander Hamilton for dinner in Philadelphia one greatly historic weekend. They made a deal: Jefferson would support Assumption and Hamilton would support moving the Nation’s capital to the Chesapeake area. This is why the capital is in the South and called Washington D. C. Once George Washington left office, John Adams took his place as President. Adams was not going to take any negativity for the way he ran things.So the Adams’ Administration established the Alien and Sedition Act which enforced arrest on any people who criticized the government. Thomas despised the way Adams took things during his presidency. So Jefferson runs against him and sabotages Adams’ presidency and wins the Election of 1800, aka The Revolution of 1800. Immediately, Jefferson with the help of James Madison tried to thwart the federal government’s power. In conclusion, Early America, despite all the rebellious acts and criticism, served as a blueprint for global freedom enabling subsequent generations and nations to secure the blessings of liberty.Thanks to many great leaders such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and many more , there is a standard set in the country that the Government must abide by. The impact of events such as the American Revolution, Boston Massacre, Constitutional Convention, etc. , the country has grown stronger and more knowledgeable about foreign affairs and globalization. Although America is still considered to be a young country, the history within this great nation is one of the richest in the world.

Evolution of Management Essay

EARLY MANAGEMENT Organizations and managers have existed for thousands of years. The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China were projects of tremendous scope and magnitude, and required good management. Regardless of the titles given to managers throughout history, someone has always had to plan what needs to be accomplished, organize people and materials, lead and direct workers, and impose controls to ensure that goals were attained as planned. Another example of early management can be found in the city of Venice, which was a major economic and trade center in 1400s. the venetians developed an early form of business enterprise and engaged in many activities common to today’s organizations. The venetians used warehouse and inventory systems to keep track of materials, human resource management functions to manage the labor force and an accounting system to keep track of revenues and costs. Two historical events significant to the study of management are work of Adam Smith, in his book,’ The Wealth of Nations’, in which he argued brilliantly for the economic advantages of division of labor (the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks). The Industrial Revolution is second important pre-twentieth-century influence on management. The introduction of machine powers combined with the division of labor made large, efficient factories possible. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling became necessary activities. There are six major approaches to management. They are explained as follows; 1) SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Scientific management is defined as the use of the scientific method to determine the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done. The most important contributor in this field was Frederick W. Taylor who is known as the â€Å"father† of scientific management. Using his principles of scientific management; (1) scientifically study each part of a task and develop the best method of performing the task, (2) scientifically select and then  train, teach and develop the worker, (3) cooperate fully with workers to ensure that they use the proper method, (4) divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. Taylor was able to define the â€Å"one best way† for doing each job. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were inspired by Taylor’s work and proceeded to study and develop their own methods of scientific management. They devised a classification scheme to label 17 basic hand motions called therbligs in order to eliminate wasteful motions Guidelines devised by Taylor and others to improve production efficiency are still used in today’s organizations. However, current management practice is not restricted to scientific management practices alone. Elements of scientific management still used include: 1. Using time and motion studies 2. Hiring best qualified workers 3. Designing incentive systems based on output 2) GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS This group of writers, who focused on the entire organization, developed more general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice. Henri Fayol and Max Weber were the two most prominent proponents of the general administrative approach. Fayol focused on activities common to all managers. He described the practice of management as distinct from other typical business functions. He stated 14 principles of management which are as follows: 1. Division of Work. Specialization increases output by making employees more efficient. 2. Authority. Managers must be able to give orders, and authority give them this right. 3. Discipline. Employees must obey and respect the  rules that govern the organization. 4. Unity of Command. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior. 5. Unity of Direction. The organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers. 6. Subordination of individual interest to group interest. The interest of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole. 7. Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. 8. Centralization. This term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. 9. Scalar Chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks is the scalar chain. 10. Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the right time. 11. Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates. 12. Stability of tenure of personnel. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies. 13. Initiative. Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort. 14. Espirit de corps. Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization. Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed a theory of authority structures and described organizational activity based on authority relations. He described the ideal form of organization as a bureaucracy marked by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Some current management concepts and theories can be traced to the work of the general administrative theorists. The functional view of a manager’s job relates to Henri Fayol’s concept of management. Weber’s bureaucratic characteristics are evident in many of today’s large organizations—even in highly flexible organizations that employ talented professionals. Some bureaucratic mechanisms are necessary in highly innovative organizations to ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively. Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy 3) QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT The quantitative approach to management, sometimes known as operations research or management science, uses quantitative techniques to improve decision making. This approach includes applications of statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulations. The quantitative approach originated during World War II as mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems were developed for wartime use. The relevance of quantitative approach today is that it has contributed most directly to managerial decision making, particularly in planning and controlling. The availability of sophisticated computer software programs has made the use of quantitative techniques more feasible for managers. 4) ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR The field of study concerned with the actions (behaviors) of people at work is organizational behavior. Organizational behavior (OB) research has contributed much of what we know about human resources management and contemporary views of motivation, leadership, trust, teamwork, and conflict management. The early advocates of OB approach were Robert Owen, Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester Barnard. Their ideas served as the foundation for employee selection procedures, motivation programs, work teams, and organization-environment management techniques. The Hawthorne Studies were the most important contribution to the development of organizational behavior. This series of experiments conducted from 1924 to the early 1930s at Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, were initially devised as a scientific management experiment to assess the impact of changes in various physical environment variables on employee productivity. After Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates joined the study as  consultants, other experiments were included to look at redesigning jobs, make changes in workday and workweek length, introduce rest periods, and introduce individual versus group wage plans. The researchers concluded that social norms or group standards were key determinants of individual work behavior. Although not without criticism (concerning procedures, analyses of findings, and the conclusions), the Hawthorne Studies stimulated interest in human behavior in organizational settings. In the present day context behavioral approach assists managers in designing jobs that motivate workers, in working with employee teams, and in facilitating the flow of communication within organizations. The behavioral approach provides the foundation for current theories of motivation, leadership, and group behavior and development. 5) THE SYSTEMS APPROACH During the 1960s researchers began to analyze organizations from a systems perspective based on the physical sciences. A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. The two basic types of systems are open and closed. A closed system is not influenced by and does not interact with its environment. An open system interacts with its environment. The Organization as an Open System Using the systems approach, managers envision an organization as a body with many interdependent parts, each of which is important to the well-being of the organization as a whole. Managers coordinate the work activities of the various parts of the organization, realizing that decisions and actions taken in one organizational area will affect other areas. The systems approach recognizes that organizations are not self-contained;  they rely on and are affected by factors in their external environment. 6) THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH The contingency approach recognizes that different organizations require different ways of managing. The contingency approach to management is a view that the organization recognizes and responds to situational variables as they arise. Popular Contingency Variables Organization size As size increases, so do the problems of coordination. Routineness of task technology Routine technologies require organizational structure, leadership styles, and control systems that differ from those required by customized or non-routine technologies. Environmental uncertainty What works best in a stable and predictable environment may be totally inappropriate in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment. Individual differences Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth, autonomy, tolerance or ambiguity, and expectations. CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES The following are the current concepts and practices are changing the way managers do their jobs today. Globalization: Organizational operations are no longer limited by national borders. Managers throughout the world must deal with new opportunities and challenges inherent in the globalization of business. Ethics: Cases of corporate lying, misrepresentations, and financial manipulations have been widespread in recent years. Managers of firms such as Enron, ImClone, Global Crossing, and Tyco International have placed their own self-interest ahead of other stakeholders’ welfare. While most managers continue to behave in a highly ethical manner, abuses suggest a need to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"upgrade† ethical standards. Ethics education is increasingly emphasized in college curricula today. Organizations are taking a more active role in creating and using codes of ethics, ethics training programs, and ethical hiring procedures. Workforce diversity: It refers to a workforce that is heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect differences. Accommodating diverse groups of people by addressing different lifestyles, family needs, and work styles is a major challenge for today’s managers. Entrepreneurship: It is the process whereby an individual or group of individuals use organized efforts to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources the entrepreneur currently has. Three important themes stand out in this definition: a. The pursuit of opportunities b. Innovation c. Growth Entrepreneurship will continue to be important to societies around the world. Managing in an E-Business World: E-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic (Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. Knowledge Management and Learning Organizations: Change is occurring at an unprecedented rate. To be successful, today’s organization must become a learning organization—one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapts, and change. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance. Quality Management: Quality management is a philosophy of management that is driven by continual improvement and response to customer needs and expectations. The objective of quality management is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work.

Aboriginal Australian Rights - Employment Essays - Free Essays

Aboriginal Australian Rights - Employment Essays - Free Essays Aboriginal Australian Rights - Employment "I have walked into at least 5 interviews where as soon as the interviewer saw that I was aboriginal, a kind of shutter comes across their eyes." Imagine you are that person receiving the peculiar eyesights, not a pleasant feeling, is it? This short but simple sentence from an Aboriginal writer, presents you the cruel caustic issue of Aboriginals Australians' employment. Employment is an indispensable part like eating and sleeping in people's life, especially for adults. However, somewhere in this flourishing country now, almost one fifth of the aboriginal peoples is facing a problem to find a job that can support for their living CITATION Jen15 \l 2052 (Korff, 2015). Do you know what is causing their hardness of employing? Do you know how people are treated at workplace? Do you know what we, as exceptional 21st century students, can give a hand to our mates' obstacles? The future lies in our hand, let's give a hand and put an end to Aboriginals Australians struggle with employment! Just like a skyscraper needs a central pillar to support the whole building, if Aboriginal's employment is the skyscraper, then job training would be the sturdiest pillar that holding up the whole issue tightly. Can you think of any jobs that you can be competent to do in the future, that you can do it without any learning or training? Street cleaner, dish washer, waiters, the first reaction you might say. Any jobs that only need some basic life skills. These are important jobs in the society, but can you really support your life with those jobs? May be not for all the expenses in your life from foods to house rents. It's surprised to see that around 63% of aboriginal peoples think inadequate training and process for certain qualification are an obstacle for employment CITATION Jen15 \l 2052 (Korff, 2015). You might also say, it is not a serious matter to have no training before employed, because people can get trained after they get the job by the employers. But the truth is even employed aboriginals found difficulties to understand the rules at workplaces. Put yourselves in a situation of job interviewing, the people right next to you is talking about his/her amazing trainee experiences, w hereas you have nothing to say about that part of your resume. On the other hand, which one sounds attractive to you if you are the employer? Spare a minute to think if you want to be the one later one in the next few years, because what you want, the people in the same situation with you will also want. And when you are stepping into the society, remember that when someone is looking on choosing different traineeships, there are people don't even have a choice. As a citizen that living in the opened and free society, we should be sorrowful for the people that are suffering from the judgements that don't have any grounds. There was a sarcastic statement made by South Australia's The Advertiser newspaper saying Aboriginals are "more intelligent than supposed" CITATION Jen16 \l 2052 (Korff, Stereotypes prejudice of Aboriginal Australia', 2016). When people are making all the ignorant and irrespective views about laziness of Aboriginals, sit-down money, they just have no idea or comprehension of how Aboriginals lives really are CITATION And12 \l 2052 (Bolt, 2012). These stereotype statements are like paper cuts you get accidentally, they seem to be really light and negligible, but when they actually come to yourselves, they are just pain and misery. We, as 21st century students, we are carrying the expectation to build an equitable and open-minded society. We are holding the future in our hand. It is glad to see that around 81% of our cohort had already realised this issue. In this beautiful talented and liberal school that we are studying in every day, we have the belief that everyone has the right to be included, respected and to feel like they belonged. Then, as a member of this school, can we bring the belief outside of our school and spread out through the entire society? Definitely, the power of all of us will make this happen! Receive primary cultural informed

Geometric Isomers Definition and Examples

Geometric Isomers Definition and Examples Isomers are chemical species that have the same chemical formulas, yet are different from each other. For example, learn about geometric isomerization: Geometric Isomer Definition Geometric isomers are chemical species with the same type and quantity of atoms as another species, yet having a different geometric structure. Atoms or groups exhibit different spatial arrangements on either side of a chemical bond or ring structure. Geometric isomerism is also called configurational isomerism or cis-trans isomerism. Note cis-trans isomerism is a different description of geometry than E-Z isomerism. The terms cis and trans are from the Latin words cis, meaning on this side. and trans, meaning on the other side. When substituents are both oriented in the same direction as each other (on the same side), the diastereomer is called cis. When the substituents are on opposing sides, the orientation is trans. Cis and trans geometric isomers exhibit different properties, including boiling points, reactivities, melting points, densities, and solubilities. Trends in these differences are attributed to the effect of the overall dipole moment. The dipoles of trans substituents cancel each other out, which the dipoles of cis substituents are additive. In alkenes, trans isomers have higher melting points, lower solubility, and greater symmetry than cis isomers. Identifying Geometric Isomers Skeletal structures maybe be written with crossed lines for bonds to indicate geometric isomers. The IUPAC does not recommend the crossed line notation anymore, preferring wavy lines connecting a double bond to a heteroatom. When known, the ratio of cis- to trans- structures should be indicated. Cis- and trans- are given as prefixes to chemical structures. Examples of Geometric Isomers Two geometric isomers exist for Pt(NH3)2Cl2, one in which the species are arranged around the Pt in the order Cl, Cl, NH3, NH3, and another in which the species are ordered NH3, Cl, NH3, Cl.

Human Resource Management - recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Management - recruitment - Essay Example Then, the next step is to select an appropriate channel or media to advertise the job vacancy. An appropriate media would be the one that could reach the potential candidate for this vacancy. With that then the resume received shall be screen through and only those short listed will be call for psychometric test1 and some job related exercise ie. planning2 and analysis3 exercise (UTS, 2003). Such test and exercise would help to eliminate unsuitable candidates to the interview. The interview is administered by the immediate supervisor or the human resource committee. Interview questions are prepared corresponding to KASO (Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other Characteristics) criteria. Thus the interview could be considered structured. Besides the KASO assessment, an understanding on the responsibilities and expectations should be communicated with the candidate during the interview. Sometimes a second interview might be necessary for the interviewer to make a decision of recruitmen t. Finally, appoint the most suitable candidate to the vacancy. (6-5 points) : Response covers in detail all of the elements listed. The situation described is highly complex, similar to what may be encountered in this position. Response indicates that the candidate fully understood and considered the issues involved, and that he/she took proactive steps to ensure timely completion of the assignments. (4-3 points) : Response covers 3 of the elements listed, but is less thorough than an exceptional response. The situation described is similar in complexity to what is routinely encountered in this position. Response indicate

Introduction to marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to marketing - Coursework Example 2005, p. 4). The main idea behind this definition is â€Å"the core of all marketing activities is satisfying consumers, therefore, marketing is a continuous process as environment and consumer demands are constantly changing. Product should adapt to changes in demand. Marketing can also be defined as â€Å"attainment of corporate goals by satisfying the needs of customers more than competitors do (Jobber 2010, p. 5). This indicates that marketing includes understanding the needs of customers and tailor the goods and services than the competitors. The above definitions of marketing are not even certain. Therefore, marketing definitely means a challenge for businesses to adjust to the changing the marketing environment based on the positioning of the consumers. However, there is need of companies to find means of adjusting to the changing environment in order to be able to grow much stronger. Therefore, it is essential for them to comprehensively understand the changing marketing environment nature. The body of this paper discusses the changing marketing environment and its impacts to marketing activities, relationship between consumer and marketing, impacts of consumers on design of marketing strategies, and important of marketing environment and consumers to marketing activities. Marketing environment is made up of forces and actors outside marketing who affect the ability of marketing management to develop successful relationship with its consumers (Kotler 2009, p. 14). Marketing environment is divided into two parts; micro and macro environment. Customers- customer markets include international markets, government market, business market, consumer markets, and reseller market. A customer can be a household or an organization purchasing goods and services for their own use or for resale for profit. Suppliers-suppliers are

Introduction to accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction to accounting - Essay Example Break even analysis is used in showing the relationship between selling prices, sales volume, variable costs, fixed costs and profits at various levels of activity. It is also referred to as cost-volume profit analysis. It used in determining the break-even point. BEP is the level of activity where the total revenue equals the total costs. Therefore, no profits are realized at the BEP. Appendix 2 shows the workings for the break-even point of the energy drink. At the level of production of 4,286 all fixed and variable costs will have been covered by sales revenue.However break even analysis has its limitations. To begin with, breakeven analysis assumes that fixed cost, variable costs and sales revenue behaves are linear. However, this is not the case since some overhead costs may be stepped in nature. As a result, the straight sales revenue line and total cost line tend to curve beyond certain level of productionAnother limitation of break even analysis is that it assumes that all th e stock produced is sold. Therefore, changes in stock levels are not taken into account in the breakeven chart. Finally, breakeven analysis is only suitable in providing information to relatively small companies that produce one type of products. Thus it’s not suitable for companies producing different product.Margin of safetyMargin of safety measures the amount by which sales may decrease before a company incurs a loss. Forecasting is used in estimating future performance of the business.... budgeted sales –break even sales Assume budgeted sales is 20,000 then margin of safety is 9,285 Appendix 3 Forecast Income Statement Pro forma income statement                   2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 sales 20,000 21,600 23,328 25,194 27,210 cost of goods sold 10,000 10,800 11,664 12,597 13,605 Gross profit 10,000 10,800 11,664 12,597 13,605 Expenses (2,000) (2,160) (2,333) (2,519) (2,721) Profit 8,000 8,640 9,331 10,078 10,884 Interest expense (1,500) (1,500) (1,500) (1,500) (1,500)    6,500 7,140 7,831 8,578 9,384 Tax @30% 1,950 2,142 2,349 2,573 2,815 Appendix 4 Forecast Balance Sheet BALANCE SHEET FORECAST                Fixed Assets 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Property, plant & Equipment 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000                   Current Assets                Inventories 2,500 2,625 2,756 2,894 3,039 Cash 61,196 63,766 66,505 69,425 72,538 Accounts receivables 1,304 1,369 1,438 1,510 1,585 Total Assets 115,000 117,760 120,699 123,829 127,162 Current Liabilities                Accruals 8,000 8,400 8,820 9,261 9,724 Payables 20,000 21,000 22,050 23,153 24,310                                     Equity 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 Debt 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Retained earnings 8,000 8,640 9,331 10,078 10,884 Dividends 9,000 9,720 10,498 11,337 12,244 Total Equity and liabilities 115,000 117,760 120,699 123,829 127,162 Cash budget Appendix 4    CASH BUDGET                                     January February March April May June July August September October November December Balance brought forward 0 3,400 7,056 10,982 15,193 19,705 24,534 29,697 35,212 41,099 47,378 54,070 Cash inflow 6,000 6,300 6,615 6,946 7,293 7,658 8,041 8,443 8,865 9,308 9,773 10,262 Total inflow 6,000 9,700 13,671 17,928 22,486 27,363 32,574 38,139 44,077 50,407

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay Nuclear energy is one of the most important sources of energy that come from uranium and originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission at the power plant. The fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam, which is used to turn the turbine to generate electricity.[3] In the mid-twentieth century, nuclear energy was discovered and the implementation of nuclear energy as a source of power was slow to come to get the result because it is still under research and development, but it became an important part of the worlds power source. With the oil crisis from the past and recently, nuclear energy was the preferred method to generate electricity, but nuclear meltdown when some failure occur in the plant created a culture of fear amongst the world. In example was Chernobyl disaster that killed many lives. [1] Based on the history, nuuclear energy was mainly started in the year of 1896, where Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium. Followed by in the year of 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolated a radioactive metal called radium .While in the year of 1905, Albert Einstein formulated his Special Theory of Relativity where he explain mass can be considered to be another form of energy and Enrico Fermi first experimented with nuclear fission in 1934 when he bombarded uranium with neutrons. However he didnt realize that he had achieved nuclear fission. Scientists soon realized that the neutrons split the nucleus of the uranium atoms and that if the resulting fission could release more neutrons, a sustainable nuclear chain reaction would result. After that the nuclear was use to create atomic bomb for war purposes. The first atomic bomb or A-bomb was tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico on 16 July 1945. After the bomb experiment, the Enola Gay, an American airplane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima(Japan) followed by the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. [2] Nuclear energy was produced in the year 1951 and this encouraging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to give his Atoms for Peace speech to call for peaceful implementation of nuclear power for the world. By the year of 1954, the U.S.S.R. was generating nuclear energy for its power grid and at Geneva conference in 1955, the European Economic Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency were launched in order to promote a safe and sustainable nuclear powered for the world. Based on the oil crisis in the year of 1970s, many countries were moving in the direction of establishing nuclear power plants to meet the worlds energy needs since the demand of power are keep increasing. [1] 3.2 Nuclear Energy Implementation 3.2.1 Electrical power Uranium is an element found a lot in the Rocky Mountains which we can see these mountains in Canada, South Africa and Australia. Nuclear power plants obviously are fueled by this Uranium. The reason behind making nuclear power possible is usually an infinite energy which was stored in the uranium atoms. By interact the uranium and form of plutonium we might to generate electricity based on the three heavy elements. The nuclear reaction generates heat that is used to boil water to create steam and to drive or turn the turbine to generate electricity. In addition , as we found these days that fossil fuel plant which was limited resources compare to uranium which was a finite non-renewable resource, this is as the generation was almost the same way of this fossil fuel plant. [4] Fossil fuel and Nuclear power stations working almost in the same way based on plant, except the chain reaction which is located inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. However , the heat is generated by nuclear fission, beside the reactor in the nuclear plant uses Uranium rods as fuel. The neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. How to take the heat a way? Carbon dioxide gas or water is pumped through the reactor, and heats the water to become steam to drives the turbines which drive the generators to generate electricity. By taking Britain as example, we might see that their nuclear power stations are often built on the coast and they dont have huge cooling towers that like others country because they use sea water for cooling the steam ready to be pumped round again. The reactor is controlled with control rods that are made of boron, which absorb neutrons. When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows down. To generate more power, the rods are raised and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.[5] 3.2.2 Pressurized Water Reactor System Pressurized water reactors were basically consisting of a single fuel element and was assembly of up to 200 fuel pins which are made of zircaloy cadded and these pins are immersed in a large steel pressure vessel containing ordinary light water. The light water serves as both a coolant and moderator and has a higher neutron-absorbing capacity than heavy water (D2O) and causes increase of the percentage of 235U in the core. Uranium dioxide is a source of fuel for this reactor. The pressure vessel consists of control rods that pass through the lid, the light water under pressure, and the reactor core. The water attains a temperature of approximately 270 C without boiling, due to a pressure of about 13.8 to 17.2 MPa which is maintained through a pressurizer. The light water passes in a closed circuit to a heat exchanger. This process causes heating the water up and convert to steam. This steam drives one or more turbine generators, is condensed, and pumped back to the steam generator. T o condense the steam we may use other sources of water from a lake, river, or cooling tower. In order to remove the lid and replace an appropriate portion of fuel pin assembly or to refuel it, the reactor must be shut down completely. This occurs every 12 to 18 months. one way we will be not able to prevent the reactor from overheating while finding a rupture of the cooling system tubing. Due to this danger, reactors are surrounded by a double-walled pressure containment building and contain a number of emergency core-cooling systems. [6] 3.2.3 Boiling Water Reactor System Boiling Water Reactor System is another kind of reactors. It was fuelled by 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide. If we are looking for a particular way of removing heat we may find allowing water to boil is the most particular method. This boiling water reactor allows the coolant within the reactor core to boil. The steam generated is then separated, dried, and passed directly to the turbine generators and condensed and passed back into the reactor core. Steam collection also occurs on top of reactor and must be shut down for refueling. there are many emergency systems in that particular reactor, the entire reactor is housed within a primary containment chamber which includes the underneath, a ring-shaped tunnel that filled with water. sinc there was steam or water were going to escape, it enters that tunnel, then going to condenses.[6] 3.2.4 Energy Power Plant in Malaysia Malaysias Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA) In Malaysia, there has around 16 giga watts of electric generation capacity, 87% of it is from thermal and 13% of it is from hydroelectric and a very minimum from Hybrid electric. [11] The above Figure show the electricity generation by thermal and hydropower in year 1980 to 2003 in Malaysia. However, the following table shows some of power stations in Malaysia NO Name of Power station Powered by 1 Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim Nawar, Park Coal 2 Pantai Remis Power station, Pantai Remis, Perak Coal 3 Manjung power Station, Manjung, Perak Coal 4 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station, Kapar,Selangor Coal 5 Perai Power Station, Butterworth ,Penang Coal 6 Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson ,Negeri Sembilan Oil 7 Tanjung Kilan Power Station, Melaka Oil 8 Sultan Iskander Power Station, Pasir Gudang, Johor Gas 9 Serdang Power Station ,serdang, Selangor Gas 10 Sultan Ismail Power Station , Paka, Terengganu OilGas 11 Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang,Selangor steam Table1: TNB Power Stations in Malaysia (source: answers.com 2006). Thermal power plant Thermal power plant means that most of the machines in that power plant are move or operate by using the steam. It is categorize as non-renewable energy. By heating up the water, it produces steam and the steam is use to spin a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After that the steams that go through the turbine will be condensed in a condenser for recycled back to where it was being heated. [12] To heat up the power plant, normally fuel sources are being use. In Malaysia, we use gas, coal, biomass and oil. The way that gas, coal and oil use in a power plant is very straight forward, their main and only purpose is to heat up the water. But it is a little bit different in Biomass power plant. In Biomass power plant, solid biofuels like chipped or pelleted wood are used to heat up the boilers to create the steams from the water inside the boilers to drives the turbines. Beside of that, wood can also be gasified to create a so call bio-gas that use to run the gas engines or gas turbines that use to drive the electricity generator. [13] Thermal power plant can produced electricity from 6M watt up to 2500M watt depending on the kind of resources used. Example: Tuanku Jaafar Power Station (Negeri Sembilan), TSH Bio Sdn Bhd (Sabah), etc. [15] Hydropower plant Hydropower plant means that the electricity is produce using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is categorize as one of the kind of renewable energy, and it is the most widely use amount the other renewable energy. [14] In Malaysia, beside from the normal huge Hydropower plant that using the gravitational force of falling water, there is also a Hydropower plant that is using flowing water that we called it mini Hydropower plant. The electric capacity that produces by it is not more than 10GWatt ( Hybrid power plant Hybrid power plant mean the turbine is drive by using wind, solar, diesel and battery. It is a non-renewable energy because it requires diesel to run the turbine at the same time with the support of the wind, solar and also battery energy. The energy that can be produces by Hybrid power plant is depending on how many hectares of solar cells or wind turbine are being used. Example: Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Terengganu). [15] 3.2.5 Nuclear Energy Implementation in Malaysia A 1MW Triga research reactor has been operated since 1982 by the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research and was renamed as the Malaysian Nuclear Agency to reflect its roles in promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy. [9] Basically in Malaysia, our country have been under developing this nuclear energy plan and been sending officer to Australia for training in nuclear since since 1985. Malaysia is ready to build Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) without any problem as our country have enough qualified manpower to oversee the implementation and operation but there is no decision yet by the goverment. [16] Malaysia power plant actually produces 91.6 billion kWh gross in 2006, 64% from gas, 25% from coal, and 8% from hydro and a 55% increase over two years to 2005.  A comprehensive study has been taken in the year 2009 and our government actually decided to consider nuclear power. To plan and coordinate, a Nuclear Power Development Steering Committee was set up and divided through three working groups that were Nuclear Power Program Working Group under the Malaysian Nuclear Energy Agency (MNA), the Nuclear Power Project Working Group under the utility Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), and a Legal and Regulatory Coordination Working Committee involving the Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) and the Energy Commission as represented in this figure: [9] The Chairman of Malaysian Atomic Energy Licensing Board explain that safety issue is the main priority in having Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) and Malaysia has already produced around 900 graduates in nuclear science in UKM including master and PhD holders. Majority of them are expertise and experience to run this Nuclear Power Plant but need a start up time between 10 to 15 years before the plant can be brought to operation followed by government decision in 2021 which also followed also by another countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh to have their first Nucleaer Power Plant. [16] The Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) have been directed in the year 2008 to a task to study the nuclear power and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to find a suitable site that will be operated by 2021. Eight possible location have been identified on peninsula and feasibility study will be prepared by the consultants by 2013 with developing the regulatory framework, the soft infrastructure and convince the public. The chairman of the Malaysia Nature Society actually recommended the state of Sabah as the site to replace the coal. Government announce that will be implement nuclear power due to high fossil fuel price that keep increasing and set 2023 as target. A draft of energy policy blueprint back have been sent but it was not comprehensive enough. [9] The cost of building a Nuclear Power Plant is up to US$6billion,depending on its size and where it is sited but the government had a US$7billion budjet to it. It can operate up to 60 years and will be benefit up to two or three generations. The people always misunderstood about nuclear energy and were lack of information about it whereas the recent second and third generation of Nuclear Power Plant are safer with new safety measures and sophiscated technology. The countries in Switzerland and Britain which had stopped using the nuclear energy at one time are now using it again. [16] 3.4.6 Comparing the energy generated by nuclear plant with others energy plants with the relative cost As the worlds population increases, there will be continued comparison to the current electricity generation cost and the demand for electricity will be keep increasing. Energy sources that available in the world include nuclear, coal, natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass will be double in time to time. Future cost competitiveness will also be consider from every sources of electric generation with three parts that are capital, finance and operating costs. [17] No doubting nuclear energy is, in many places, competitive with fossil fuels for electricity generation, in spite of relatively high capital costs and the need to internalize all waste disposal and decommissioning costs. It is time for change to nuclear energy cause of some factors such as following[18]: The cost of nuclear energy is competitive with other types of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.   The general costs of fuels for nuclear plants are a minor percentage of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and a greatly than those for gas-fired plants.   In assessing the economics of nuclear power, decommissioning and waste disposal costs are fully taken into account.   Furthermore, from the outset the basic attraction of nuclear energy has been its low fuel costs compared with coal, oil and gas-fired plants. The subsequent figure shows that a doubling of fuel prices would result in the electricity cost for nuclear rising about 9%, for coal rising 31% and for gas 66%. Gas prices have significant continuality increment. [18] To enhance our knowledge about production cost of electricity,we have a slight to the coming chart. Chart 1: Comparing Per Kilowatt-Hour Cost Estimates for multiple types of energy production. [10] Based on chart 1, nuclear and coal are around the same cost at $0.04 per kWh. Natural gas is at $0.10 per kWh and wind power around $0.08 per kWh slightly cheaper. Solar power is the most expensive at $0.22 per kWh and only construction cost is represent because the reliable data is not available at the moment. Lastly the hydroelectric is around $0.03 per kWh and it is the most cost effective but naturally limited place to build the hydroelectric dam due to the geographic location and the construction of the dam will cause huge enviroment infrigment. The total cost per kWh can be represented as Construction Cost per kWh + Production Cost per kWh + Decommisioning Cost per kWh(nuclear only) = Total Cost per kWh but the main cost component of energy are construction and production costs. [10] 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation 3.3.1 Advantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation From the chart below, we can see that the nuclear power plant reduce almost all of the global carbon dioxide problem. The carbon dioxide produces by the nuclear power plant is almost same as 0% compare to the others power plant like coal, gas petrol and etc. Worldwide CO2 Emissions Reduction[6] Another important benefit that nuclear generated energy has on our environment is that the wastes produced are completely isolated from the environment. The benefits of nuclear energy on environment can he seen clearly in France. Because of concerns over imported oil in the 1980, France has tripled its nuclear energy production. In the same period, the pollution had actually decreased around 80% to 90%. [6] Nuclear power plant also playing a important role in generate electricity in some country and there are many countries start to build more nuclear power plant to generate more electricity to expand the economics and become more develop nation. Beside of this, nuclear power plant also play an important role in the world, because there are 17% of total worlds energy was generated by around 400 nuclear power plants.[6] In briefly, we can sum up all the advantages as shown below: Nuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large amount of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the worlds electricity is generated through nuclear energy. The biggest advantage of nuclear energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they cause global warming  and climate change. As there is no emission of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment. The burning of  fossil fuels result in emission of the poisonous carbon dioxide. It is a menace to the environment as well as human life. There is no release of carbon d-oxide at the time of nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates large amount of energy. Currently, the high reserves of uranium found on Earth, are expected to last for another 100 years. High amount of energy can be generated from a single nuclear power plant. Also, nuclear fuel is inexpensive and easier to transport. 3.3.2 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation Although nuclear energy offers great benefits as an alternative source of electric power, appealing and cost-effective the use of nuclear energy also have the negative effect or disadvantages. It is important to understand both the pros and cons of nuclear energy because nuclear waste created by the power plants emits harmful radiations. These harmful radiation created do not get extinguished or dispose easily for thousands of years. Great care by the professional are required in handling the nuclear wastes. [8] In production of electricity, there will be always have the high risk. The accident at Chernobyl, it was the most severe radioactive accident in the world has experienced since the first nuclear energy as an alternative power source is implemented. Immediate countermeasures have been taken in many countries elsewhere in Europe after the accident to reduced the levels of exposure to the public. A huge misunderstanding among the people was the waste created by nuclear energy is more dangerous compare to other method power plant electricity generation. The truth of this matter was radioactive waste from nuclear energy maybe dangerous for thousand of years but a waste produced from burning coal remains dangerous forever because it is release to the atmosphere compare to nuclear where it was kept isolated and the toxicity of these stable elements does not decrease over time as does the toxicity of radioactive material. Another major disadvantage of nuclear power to the peaceful of the nat ion was the production of nuclear weapons were allowed in some country and these nuclear weapon of mass destruction is particularly disturbing. [6] We can sum up most of the disadvantages in those pointes as shown below: The production or proliferation of nuclear weapons. The use of fission, fusion or combination of both reactions process for destructive purposes and a major threat to the world as they can cause large scale devastation. [8] . Large capital cost is required to construct single nuclear power plant. Though large amount of energy can be produced, it required around 15 to 20 years of time to develop a single plant. The reactor will only operate as long as uranium is still available. The extinction of uranium will result the plant to stop operating. [8] The unstable element and highly radioactive waste were produced after fission reactions. The waste that produced was dangerous to the environment, human health, and remains for thousands of years and it needs professional handling and should be kept isolated from the living environments. The radioactivity of these elements reduces over a period of time. [8] Disaster can occurred in any nuclear power plant. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was the worst disaster in 1986, one of the reactor exploded and releasing high amount of radiation in the environment. Resulted thousand of casualities due to exposure to the harmful radiation. [8] 3.4 Analysis of survey feedback 3.4.1 Questionaire Results A total of 50 students have participated in the questionnaire. The participants are required to answer a series of questions relating to their opinion on the implementation of nuclear power generation in Malaysia. Basic understanding of the nuclear power generation is also obtained to determine the level of knowledge that each participant has on nuclear power generation. The first question is to ask the participants if it is appropriate to apply nuclear power generation to support the current ways of power generation in Malaysia. From the questionnaire it can be seen that 63% of the participants agreed that Malaysia needed nuclear power to support its current energy generation methods. From the results obtained, most of the participants knew that with nuclear power generation, more power can be generated. Besides that, most of Malaysias energy generation methods are from coal and natural gas which is harmful to the environment. Even though most of the participants agreed that Malaysia need to apply nuclear power generation, 65% of them feel that the country itself is not ready to build a nuclear power plant. From this, it can be seen that most of the participants feel that Malaysia need to put in more time and research before implementing and building a nuclear power plant. Similarly in the third question, the participants are asked if Malaysia is ready to build a nuclear power plant. The majority of them have answered weak as shown in Figure 1. As mention in the previous paragraph, Malaysia needs to put in more time in researching nuclear power especially in the aspects of safety. Figure 1: Malaysias Level of Preparation for Nuclear Power In the fourth question, the participants are required to give their opinions if nuclear power brings more advantages or disadvantages. The majority of the participants (71%) felt that nuclear power brings more advantages than disadvantages. Figure 2: Opinion on the Advantages of Nuclear power When 71% of the participants are asked on their opinions on advantages of nuclear power generation, the results are shown at Figure 2. Most of them answered C which says that nuclear power does not produce either smoke or carbon dioxide. 32% of them felt that nuclear power is reliable. 26% of the participants answered A which says that nuclear power generation produces small amount of waste. The remaining 6% feels that nuclear power is not expensive to be produced. From the results shown above, it can be seen that the participants are environmental conscious. When the similar participants are asked on their opinions on the disadvantages of nuclear power generation, most of them are worried of the waste created which is harmful to humans as well as the environment. The harmful waste will be hard to be disposed. A number of the participants felt that the safety of the surrounding area needs to be considered in case of a nuclear reactor leak in the power plant. The remaining 29% of the participants felt that nuclear power generation brings more disadvantages than advantages. These participants felt that the waste produced is hazardous and dangerous and also lots of funding is needed to be spent on the safety measures when generating nuclear power. Besides having the disadvantage opinions, these participants felt that nuclear power generation can provide more power and energy and less waste compare to other methods of power generation. Besides that, it is an alternative method of power generation that can be considered. Figure 3: Nuclear Power Generation Potential Remedy for Global Warming As seen in Figure 3, it can be seen that most participants did not agree that nuclear power generation is the remedy for global warming. Even though most of the participants did not agree, 45% of the participants agreed. The reason is that nuclear power generation produced less greenhouse gases compared to power generation methods using fossil fuel. In the next section, participants are required to tick on the required boxes on where their opinions stand. As seen in Figure 4, most of the participants have average opinions. Nuclear power generation saves up the earth natural resources as fewer resources will be used in generating the power that is needed. The resources used in nuclear power generation are able to last for years which are better than most fossil fuel methods. Figure 4: Replacement of other Energy Power with Nuclear Power will save up Earth Natural Resources Figure 5: Saving of Cost in a Long Term by using a Nuclear Power Plant In Figure 5, it can be seen that a number of the participants agreed on the saving of cost in a long term when using a nuclear power plant. The reason is that the resources that are used in a nuclear power plant can last for a long time compared to the fossil fuels and other methods available. Most of the participants have average opinions on question on building a nuclear power plant makes the economy of a country better as seen in Figure 6. The cost of building a nuclear power plant is high but it generates more energy than other methods with less pollution. Besides that less space is needed to build the plant. Figure 6: Building a Nuclear Power Plant makes the Economy of a Country Better In Figure 7, most of the participants agreed that using a nuclear power plant contributes to a better environment as nuclear power generation does not release any greenhouse gases. Figure 7: Better Environment if use Nuclear PowerGeneration Method Figure 8: Affordable for a Developing Country to Build a NuclearPower Plant to replace other Power Plants Most of the participants disagree and have average opinions on the building of a nuclear power plant for developing countries. The reason is that the countries need to concentrate on building and develop their country before investing on a nuclear power plant. The cost of constructing a nuclear power plant is high. 3.5 Conclusion and recommendation After we done the survey and research in the internet, our conclusion is that nuclear power is really needed in Malaysia. The 1st reason is because currently Malaysia still widely using coal and natural gas to generate energy, and we all know that these will bring harm to the environment also human health. From the survey also we notice that nowadays human are very concern about then environment issue, because there are 65% of the participants feel that by implementing the nuclear power, we can produce a better environment or we can save current environment that is full of carbon dioxide and smoke. Besides that, from our research, we notice that by applying nuclear power, it can prevent global warming because it produces less greenhouse gasses compare to fossil fuel power generator. Apart from that, by applying nuclear power, it can save up the earth natural resources as well because it uses lesser natural resources to produces the energy that is required compare with others power ge nerator and it also can make an economy in a country become better in a long term plan because nuclear power plant can last more longer than the other power plant, by this the costs to get the resources will be cheaper compare with the other power plant for a long term period. In the other hand, there were people that are disagree that Malaysia should have nuclear power, this is due to the wastage of the nuclear is hard to dispose, some of them think that Malaysia is not yet ready for the nuclear power in term of economy and also information on nuclear power, some of them think that if there is a leak of the nuclear reactor then it will bring serious damage to the surrounding and even bring death the human being. Some of them think that as a developing country, Malaysia should concentrate on building and developing the country before investing in the nuclear power. From the research and also survey we had done, to make everyone believe that Malaysia is capable to build nuclear power plant, few steps should be taken. There are, have a complete research in nuclear power plant with those countries that already have the nuclear power plant, build the nuclear power plant further away from human being so that if there is any leaking of nuclear reactor it would not bring harm to human being or there is enough time to disband the villager around. In addition, maintenances on nuclear power plants have to be done frequently to prevent any undesirable occurrence and Malaysia government should prepare a place to store the wastage of the nuclear power plant so that the wastage of the nuclear reactor that is harmful did not expose to the surrounding. Last but not least, if those safety steps have been take in count, then,